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光照试验标准及太阳辐射试验标准-METHOD 306 SOLAR RADIATION

 METHOD 306 SOLAR RADIATION

光照试验

附：GJB150.7-86国军标太阳辐射试验标准

1. Scope 简介

1.1 Purpose 目的

This test is conducted to determine the effects of solar radiation on equipment that may be exposed to sunshine during operation or unsheltered storage.

这个测试项目用来确定设备在日光下持续运行或存储情况下，光照对其性能的影响。

1.2 Application 适用

This method is used when the test item is likely to be exposed to solar radiation in the open, in hot climate during its life cycle.

适用于需要曝露在阳光下或热气候中持续运行的部件。

1.3 Limitation 局限性

This method is not to be used to simulate the heating effects that result from enclosed or covered storage conditions.

这个项目不能用来模拟密封或包装后存储所引起的热影响

2. Guidance 导则

2.1 Environmental Effects 环境影响

2.1.1 Heating Effects 热影响

The heating effects of solar radiation differ from those of high air temperature alone in that the amount of heat absorbed or reflected depends on the roughness and color of the surface on which the radiation is incident. In addition to the differential expansion between dissimilar materials, changes in the intensity of solar radiation may cause components to expand or contract at different rates, which can lead to severe stresses and loss of structural integrity. Some examples of heating effects include:

由于吸收热的能力取决于易于受光照影响物体的表面硬度和颜色，所以太阳辐射的热效应和周围空气带来的热效应并不是相同的。热传递存在于不同热的物体之间，阳光密度的变化容易引起高度的压力和结构完整性丢失，举例如下;

a. Jamming or loosening of moving parts.移动部件的收缩或松弛

b. Weakening of solder joints and glued parts.焊接或胶粘强度破坏

c. Change in strength and elasticity.强度与弹性破坏

d. Loss of calibration or malfunction of linkage devices.校准件准确度或连接件破坏

e. Loss of seal integrity. 密封破坏

f. Fading of colors of color-coded components. 褪色

g. Deform the parts. 部件变形

2.1.2 Actinic Effects 光化学影响

In addition to the heating effects of 2.1.1, www.oven.cc which are caused by the infrared portion of the solar spectrum, certain degradation from solar energy may be attributable to other portions of the spectrum, particularly the ultraviolet. Since the rate at which these reactions will occur generally increases as the temperature rises, the full spectrum must be used to adequately simulate the actinic effects of solar radiation. Some examples of deterioration caused by actinic effects are:

除了2,1,1中所表述的由于阳光红外部分所引起的热效应，其他部分特别是紫外线不可见光同样能够引起相同的热效应带来的失效降级。由于随着温度上升，反应的程度一般也随之上升，所以整个光谱可能足够模拟阳光的辐射。以下十以下由于光化性引起的反应。

a. Fading of paints.油漆褪色

b. Deterioration of natural and synthetic elastomers and polymers through photochemical reactions initiated by shorter wavelength radiation.

短波辐射引起的天然或人工橡胶或合成体的光化学反应

2.2 Sequence 顺序

The solar radiation test may be applied at any stage in the test program.

光照测试可在测试程序的任何阶段进行

2.3 Choice of Test Procedure 测试过程选择

2.3.1 Heat Effects - Procedure I 热影响-过程1

This procedure is primarily used to determine realistic response temperature cycles when the material is expected to withstand the heat of exposure in the open in hot climates and still be able to perform without degradation both during and after exposure. The solar radiation test should be used when the material could be affected by differential heating or when the heating caused by solar radiation is unknown. After the induced temperatures have been determined, the high temperature test could (for economic reasons and if actinic effects are not important) be substituted for this solar radiation procedure. Cycling test will be performed for heat effects.

这个过程主要用来测量当材料暴露在期望的热环境中，在所能忍受的变化范围内，在暴露中和暴露后的实际的温度变化曲线。当不同的热源或者阳光会影响材料，那么应该开展光照辐射测试。在确定测试环境温度之后，温度测试（由于经济上的顾虑）应被替换。周期测试会引起热反应。

2.3.2 Actinic Effects - Procedure II 光化学影响-过程2

This procedure is used when the principal concern is the possible that long periods of exposure to sunshine will result in detrimental actinic effects. Because actinic effects do not usually occur unless the exposure is prolonged, it is inefficient to use the cycling test of procedure I, which could conceivably take months to conduct. The approach, therefore, is to use an accelerated test that is designed to reduce the time to reproduce integrated effects of long periods of exposure. The key to using this procedure successfully is maintaining enough cooling air to prevent the test item from exceeding temperatures that would be attained under natural conditions, so that there will not be an exaggerated test which unfairly penalizes the test item. However, there should not be enough cooling air to produce unrealistic cooling. Since the actinic effects are highly dependent upon the solar radiation spectrum (as well as intensity and duration), the spectrum must be as close as possible to that of natural sunlight.

在阳光下长时间暴露会引起有害的光化学反应，此项流程就是基于这个原理。由于除非光照时间延长，这些有害后果才能显露出来，所以仅仅使用过程1并不足够（因为过程1会花掉几个月时间）。

这种方法，使用加速测试来重现，原来需要长时间暴露来显现的综合效果。使用此方法的关键在于保证足够的冷却空气，来避免测试对象超过了日常自然运行的温度。所以不能有会影响测试对象的过分的测试，但是同样不能过度降温。因为有害效果非常依赖阳光辐射频谱，这个频谱应该尽量接近于自然光的频谱。

2.4 Test Profile 试验概况

Having chose the test procedure, it is necessary to choose the cycle, test duration, test item configuration, relative humidity and any additional appropriate conditions.

a. Procedure I - Cycling for heat effects 过程1-热影响循环

High temperature diurnal cycles are provided in Table 306-1 and Figure 306-1 with the solar radiation conditions. The cycle has a peak temperature of 49 °C (120 °F) and 1120 W/m² and represents the hottest conditions (Ref. 1 p.505.4-14).

在阳光辐射条件下，表306-1和图306-1提供了高温日周期循环。循环有一个温度峰值49度和1120W/ m² ，而且表达了热的温度

Test duration: 10 24-hour cycles. 试验持续时间：10 24-小时循环

TABLE 306-1 Temperature/Solar Radiation Diurnal Cycles

温度/光照每日循环情况

Figure 306-1 Simulated solar radiation cycle.

模拟阳光辐射周期

b. Procedure II - Steady state for prolonged actinic effects

过程2-稳定状态下延长的光化学反应

Procedure II will give an acceleration factor of approximately 2.5 as far as the total energy received by the test item is concerned. Eight hour of exposure to 1120 w/m² , as in the steady – state test, is equal to 24 hours of cycling test (20 hours of light and 4 hours of no light per cycles). A duration of ten 24-hour cycles is suggested for equipment which is occasionally used outdoors, such as portable test items, etc. For equipment continuously exposed to outdoor conditions, a testing duration of 56 cycles or longer is suggested.

过程2将实施一个大约测试对象所接受总能量2.5倍的加速因素。在稳定状态下，在1120 w/m² 密度下暴晒8小时等同于普通24小时的一天（20小时光照、4小时非光照）。我们建议对于移动设备作10个24小时周期测试。对于长期暴露在室外的设备，我们要求进行56个周期。

Increasing the irradiant above the specified level is not recommended because of the danger of overheating, and there is presently no indication that attempting to accelerate the test in this way gives results that correlate with equipment response under natural solar radiation conditions.

处于过热引起的危险，并不建议对测试对象施加过强的光照。过强光照对设备引起的反应同自然界的阳光辐射并没有关联。

c. Configuration. 样品状态

The test item configuration should be the same as its configuration during deployment exposure to solar radiation. The orientation of the test item relative to the direction of radiation will have a significant impact on the heating effects.

测试样品的外形应与其实际使用时相同，在热影响试验时，样品放置方法与光照在样品上的方向的联系十分重要。

2.5 General Procedures 一般过程

2.5.1 Procedure I - Cycling for heat effects 过程1—热效应的循环

Step 1. Bring the air temperature in the enclosure to the minimum value of the temperature cycle at which radiation is non-existent.

步骤1 将空气温度设定在循环中无日照时温度。

Step 2. If necessary, create the initial relative humidity conditions specified by the test plan.

步骤2 如果需要，创造一个测试计划所指定的初始相对湿度条件。

Step 3. Conduct the required number of cycles during which temperature and solar radiation levels are changed in accordance with the schedule follows.

步骤3 按照需要施加一定数量的循环，光照和温度都依据周期循环变化。

Step 4. Perform the operational checks on the test item at the times called for the test plan.

步骤4 根据测试计划，对测试对象经常性的进行运行性的检查

Step 5. At the end of the last cycle, allow the chamber to return to standard ambient conditions.

步骤5 在一个循环中，允许测试温度终趋近于环境温度

Step 6. Allow the test item to return to thermal equilibrium.

步骤6 允许测试对象回归到热平衡

Step 7. Visually examine the test item to the extent practicable.

步骤7 视觉上检查测试对象是否可用

2.5.2 Procedure II - Steady state for prolonged actinic effects

过程2，有害后果被延长后的稳定状态

Step 1. Bring the temperature in the enclosure up to the value specified in the test plan.

步骤1 将温度设定为测试计划指定的值

Step 2. Adjust the solar radiation value to the value specified in the test plan.

步骤 2 将光照调整至测试计划中指定的值

Step 3. Maintain these conditions for 20 hours.

步骤 3 保持这种条件20个小时

Step 4. Stop the radiation for 4 hours while maintaining the temperature in the enclosure at the specified level.

步骤 4 暂停日照4小时，但是仍然保留温度条件

Step 5. Repeat step 2 to 4 for the number of cycles specified in the test plan.

步骤 5 重复步骤2-4，实施多个循环

Step 6. If applicable, perform operational tests on the test item at the times called for in the test plan.

步骤 6 如果可行，按照测试计划，经常性地运行测试对象

2.6 Failure Analysis

失效分析

a. Procedure I. At peak temperature and after return to standard ambient conditions, the performance characteristics of the test item will not be altered to the extent that the test item does not meet its requirements. Actinic effects that do not affect performance, durability, or required characteristics will be recorded as observations only.

a. 过程1。在峰值温度时和回归标准温度之后，测试对象的运行表现并不能达到表现。需要把不影响运行表现、寿命以及性能的光化学效果记录下来。

b. Procedure II. The performance and characteristics (such as color or other surface conditions) of the test item will not be altered to the extent that the test item does not meet requirements. All actinic effects, regardless of whether or not they affect performance, durability, or required characteristics, will be recorded.

b. 过程2。测试对象的运行表现和运行性能并不会严重到不能满足要求。无论他们是否影响性能表现，所有光化学影响都应被记录下来。

3. APPARATUS 仪器

3.1 Test Facility 试验设备

a. The required facility consists of a chamber or cabinet, auxiliary instrumentation, and a solar lamp bank. This apparatus must be capable of maintaining and monitoring required conditions of temperature, airflow and irradiation.

A. 要求的测试设备包括一个环境室、辅助设备和一个日光灯库。这个设备应该能够保持并且坚实所需要的温度条件，气流条件和辐射条件。

b. The rate of airflow should be as low as possible consistent with achieving satisfactory control of temperature. An airflow of as little as 1m/s can cause a reduction in temperature rise of over 20 percent. The air velocity shall be maintained between 0.25 and 1.5 m/s (50 to 300 ft/min).

B, 空气流通的程度应尽可能的降低，以便满足对温度的控制。一般来讲低于1m/s,此时能降低升温20个百分点。空气流速应保持在0.25m/s到1.5m/s间。

c. The volume of the test chamber shall be a minimum of 10 times that of the envelope volume of the test item. The solar radiation source area shall be such that the length and width of the test item shall be no more than one-half the same dimensions of the lamp bank.

c. 环境室的容积应至少大于测试对象10倍大小。光照地区的面积应该至少等于测试对象的尺寸的一半。

d. The irradiant shall have a maximum intensity of 1120 W/m2 (±10%), and the radiation on the test item shall be uniform to within ±10% of the desired value, with the spectral distribution given in table 306-2. Where thermal effects only are to be assessed, deviation from this spectral distribution is permitted, but the irradiant must be adjusted to give an equivalent heating effect. In order to calculate this adjustment, it is necessary to know:

d．光照的密度应达到1120 W/m2 (±10%),而且浮动不能超过百分之十。光照的频谱分布应该按照表306-2。如果仅仅测量热力影响，那么并不要求严格按照光谱的分布。但是光照幅度必须调整到相同水平的热力影响，要求了解和计算如何调整。

1) The spectral reflectance or transmittance of the irradiated surfaces, and

1）光谱反射。。。。。。。。（原文不全）

2) The spectral energy distribution of the particular lamps being used (and also the effect of any associated reflectors or glasses). The radiation shall be directed onto the test item and shall irradiate the entire surface of the test item facing the solar radiation source. The value of 1120 W/m2 shall include any radiation reflected from the test chamber walls and received by the test item, but it should not include long-wave infrared radiation emitted by the chamber walls. The radiation measuring device shall be calibrated in the wavelength range of the test source radiation.

2） 特殊灯泡的频谱能量分布。日照辐射应直接地对测试对象面向光源的所有部分进行照射。1120W/m2所表达的光照密度应包括了测试对象接受的密度，包括了测试房间墙产生的光照，但是不能包括由于反射引起的长波辐射。辐射测量仪应能在测试波长范围内被校整。

e. The radiation source shall be located at least 76 cm (30 inches) away from any other surface of the test item.

e.辐射源距离测试对象的表面至少应为76厘米，即30英寸。

3.2 Light Source 光源

a. Tests conducted for degradation and deterioration of materials due to actinic effects, as well as heat buildup within the test items, must satisfy the full spectrum of Table 306-2 (Ref. 505.4-8) and may use one of the following acceptable radiation sources:

a. 对于引起材料降级和毁坏的测试，应满足表306-2的光谱全部。而且应使用以下可以接受的辐射源：

TABLE 306-2 Spectral Energy Distribution and Permitted Tolerance.

光谱能量分布与允许误差

Note: The amount of radiation wavelength shorter than 0.30 mm is insignificant.

注释:辐射波长短于0.30um的光能量可以忽略

1) Xenon arc or mercury xenon arc (used singularly) with suitable reflector.

1）带有合适反光装置的氙气弧光灯或者水银氙气弧光灯

2) Combination of high-pressure sodium vapor and improved mercury vapor with suitable reflectors.

2）带有合适反光装置的高压钠气和改良过的水银汽混合物

3) High-intensity multi-vapor, mercury vapor (with suitable reflectors), and incandescent lamps.

3）高密度、多气体、汞气体(合适的反光装置),白织灯。

4) Carbon arc lamps with suitable reflectors.

4）有合适反光装置的碳素弧光灯

b. Tests in which it is not sought to reproduce the sun’s spectrum may use the appropriate lamps from:

b.在并不需要重现阳光频谱的测试中，可以选择以下合适的灯：

1) Mercury vapor lamps (internal reflector type only).

1）汞蒸汽灯（仅有内部的反射装置）

2) Combination of incandescent spot lamps and tubular-type mercury vapor lamps with external reflectors.

2）白织聚光灯和带有外部反射装置的管型汞气灯，两者的组合。

3) Combination of incandescent spot lamps and mercury vapor lamps with internal reflectors.

3）白织聚光灯和带有内部反射装置的汞气灯两者的组合

4) Metal halide

4）金属卤化物

5) Mercury xenon arc lamps with suitable reflectors.

5）水银氙气弧光灯，带有合适的反射装置

6) Multi-vapor (clear or coated bulb) with suitable reflectors.

6）带有合适反射装置的多气体的灯

7) Tungsten filament lamps.

7）钨丝灯

3.3 Control 控制

a. Temperature. The chamber air temperature shall be maintained in accordance with General Guidance and Requirement, and measured at a point or points in a horizontal plane 0 to 50mm below the prescribed irradiation plane, at half the distance between the test item and the wall of the chamber or at 1 m from the test item, whichever is smaller.

a. 温度 根据总指南和要求，测试室的温度需要保持一定值。而且应该在以下几处测量：在辐射平面一下0到50毫米处一点或者多点，在测试对象和测试室墙的一半处，距离测试对象一米处。

b. Surface contamination. Dust and other surface contamination may significantly change the absorption characteristics of irradiated surfaces. Unless otherwise required, specimens should be clean when they are tested. However, if effects of surface contamination are to be assessed, the relevant specification should include the necessary information on preparation of surfaces.

b. 表面污染 尘埃和其他表面污染物能显著的影响辐射表面的吸收性能。除非特别指明，一般样本表面在测试时需要保持清洁。但是，如果需要衡量表面污染物带来的影响，那么相关的说明应在准备表面时指出。

c. Instrumentation Use a pyranometer, pyrheliometer or other device to measure the total radiated energy imposed on the test item. Use a pyranometer with suitable filters or a spectroradiometer to measure the spectral distribution of the radiation imposed on the test item. Refer to the table below for the required measurement accuracy of these commonly used instruments. For a pyrometer, the following applies:

c. 使用仪器 使用日射强度计、太阳热量计或其他仪器来测量施加在测试对象上的所有辐射能量。配合合适的过滤器使用日射强度计或者分光辐射度计来测量施加在测量对象上的频谱分布。参考下表，来获取经常使用仪器的程度。

· Spectral Range: 280 - 2,500 (better 3,000) nm

·

· Directional Error: < ± 1%

· Non linearity : < 1.5%

· Tile effect (use at tilted surfaces) : > 1.5%

· Operating temperature : -40 °C to +80°C

· Temperature dependence of sensitivity : ± 2% (-10°C to +40°C)

Table 306-3. Instrument Accuracy.

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